Throughout the course, students will be assessed for their assignments, which will be proof of their learning path and there will be no tests or formal written exams. Instead, there will be portfolio weeks, during which time they will show their assignments to a jury, who will give them proper feedback. Students are encouraged to exhibit their work, to make oral presentations, to share their ideas. This course prepares students with fundamental skills so they can navigate in the world of design. In this learning process, theory is combined with practical tasks and assignments carried out in workshops. The program includes subjects based on technical and theoretical knowledge, which together ensure that students are proficient users of adequate software and other digital/ technical tools, as well as enabling them to contextualize their work.

SubjectDescriptionYear | Semester | ECTSTaught in english?

1º YEAR
Introduction to Industrial Design ProjectIt is intended in this subject to provide the necessary bases for your professional practice and contribute to a betterunderstanding of the design activity of the designer and its specific processes. Thus, students will be introduced tothe creative mechanisms of a design project, in different methodological paradigms, and approaches. It is intended toassign the following skills: – Ability to understand Design as a process; – Analytical capacity that allows developing,adapting, planning a product, in order to build logical solutions to problems arising in the scope of productdevelopment, through the use of methods/methodologies associated with design. Ability to determine differentapproaches as a method of design the various tools, tasks, and tools that enable the understanding of design modelsand the contents of the main phases in the project.1º year | 1º semester | 10 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Drawing IAt the end of the course, students will: Evidence kinesthetic mastery in the act of drawing, showing gestural fluency with tonal and directional variations. Properly apply the bases of the drawing using rhythm, hierarchy, abstraction, contrast, framing, movement, andleveling in the practice of communicating the real or the imagined. Model by line and tonal area, through measured drawing, diagrammatic or schematic drawing (sketching), and throughthe experimentation of supports and technical means (abrasive or fluid processes). Display a graphic diary, demonstrating and recognizing the different line typologies and tonal variations.1º year | 1º semester | 6 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Processes and Materials for Industrial DesignProvide students with the necessary tools to identify the production processes and materials involved in industrialproduction. Develop attitudes of reflection on technical and material conditions of industrial design and on the availablealternatives in each environment. Recognize globally the concept of technology and its incidence as a necessary element for both, design, andmaterialization of the design product. To know the technological resources available in the environment and their impact on industrial design. To recognize the properties of each material and its reaction to different functions. To articulate the necessary means and resources so students can make an appropriate selection of materials andmanufacturing technologies and apply them to the manufacture of their products.1º year | 1º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Digital Workshop for Industrial Design IIn this UC students will acquire skills in digital representation, in the context of design projects, in particular in two-dimensional and three-dimensional design with parametric CAD software as the main building block, but alsoexecution of technical drawings, 3D rendering, and modeling of textures, surfaces, etc.Specific Skills:C1. Use computer-aided design tools oriented towards industrial design using solidworks software. C2. Model 3D elements and Draw 2D elementsC3. Perform assembliesC4. Prepare technical drawingsC5. Realization of photorealistic images (rendering)1º year | 1º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design StudiesStudents will have a basic understanding of how design has developed in relation to the changing world of the 20thand 21st centuries. Students will begin to appreciate the relationships within the design (the various disciplines and areas) and the relationship that design has with other areas. Students will produce a dossier around a specific topic or case study relating to their particular interest in design (graphic and/or industrial). Students will begin to understand how design communicates, both in terms of design practice, and also Industrial design.1º year | 1º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design History IThe first objective of the course is to make the student aware of the relevance of wide-ranging references, motivating them to build personal support of cultural and visual references. Subsidiary objectives are: – Develop and encourage students to study the fundamental references of design and for the designer. – Recognize and identify a set of design works, framing them chronologically and contextualizing them in differentareas. – Interpret and present the objects (material and immaterial) of design, while materialization/embodiment of therespective authors and historical moments. -Recognize the structure and tangible marks of history in design iconography. -Construct a coherent, organized, and intelligible expository articulated discourse, supported/supported by referencesand in a precise and adequate vocabulary. -Develop autonomous criticism directed at self-production and peers. 1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | 2. FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914-18 | 3. SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939-45.1º year | 1º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.

2º SEMESTER
Industrial Design Project IThe objectives of the subject are for the student to progress towards individual process autonomy, through the systematicuse of the design tools, identified in the UC program; expand and consolidate your knowledge of materials,techniques, and technologies of industrial production; be able to equate the technical-productive, functional,ergonomic, anthropometric and aesthetic variables, leading to low complexity project proposals; be able tocommunicate the project through technical drawings, models and a rigorous and specific articulated speech; becapable of self-criticism about his own production and of a critical discourse based on the production of his peers; beable to integrate social, cultural and aesthetic contextual references into the project.

To be able to take part in this subject, foreign students need to send proofs that they are able to address all the technical issues implied. In order to do so, each student should contact Prof. Marta Fernandes – martafernandes@esmad.ipp.pt.
1º year | 2º semester | 10 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Drawing IIAt the end of the course, students will:Demonstrate mastery of freehand drawing techniques and the communication of concepts through the exploration of aset of elements of graphic representation, through observation and synthesis of ideas;Develop a set of drawings that explore the abrasive and fluid potential of the design media in different contexts,showing, in their presentations or projects, their own graphic style, appropriate to a multidisciplinary dynamic relatedto communication design;Represent the human figure: morphological, ergonomic, and anthropometric principles, canons, proportion, andmovement.Understand the three-dimensionality of shapes and spaces, using: graphic marks; the central or conical perspectivewith one, two, and three vanishing points; the aerial perspective. Display a graphic diary, demonstrating and recognizing the improvement in the UC learning outcomes.1º year | 2º semester | 6 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Digital Workshop for Industrial Design IIThis UC aims to develop skills in 3D modeling of solids using advanced parameterization techniques and usingmodules related to the production process. Students will explore, recognize, develop and conceptualize simpleprocesses oriented to the learning of concepts, modeling of surfaces, closing and converting to solid, characteristicsof modeling in K-factor sheet, modeling of plastic parts, division of solids into parts, elements of reinforcement,closing elements, 3D design, pre-defined profiles, obtaining and installing new profiles for creating structures, specificoperations of welded structures, toolbox, configuration tables (design tables) and parameterization of models. Specific Skills:
C1.Mod.de surfaces.
C2. Sheet metal modeling
C3. Modeling Of plastic parts.
C4. Creation of welded structures using predefined profiles
C5. Use of component libraries.
C6. Creation of product families.
1º year | 2º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design History IIThe first objective of the subject is to make the student aware of the relevance of wide-ranging references, motivatingthem to build personal support of cultural and visual references. Subsidiary objectives are:-Develop and encourage students to study the fundamental references of design and for the designer.-Recognize and identify a set of design works, framing them chronologically and contextualizing them in differentareas.- Interpret and present the objects (material and immaterial) of design, while materialization/embodiment of therespective authors and historical moments.- Recognize the structure and tangible marks of history in design iconography.-Construct a coherent, organized, and intelligible expository articulated discourse, supported/supported by referencesand in a precise and adequate vocabulary.-Develop autonomous criticism directed at self-production and peers. 1. MODERNISM | 2- POST-MODERNISM | 3- THE DESIGN MANIFESTOS | 4- PORTUGUESE DESIGN1º year | 2º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Photography1- Understand the basic principles of photography.2- Know the basic principles of lighting.3- Apply the basic principles of photography and lighting in the execution of photographic records adapted tocommunication and industrial design.1º year | 2º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Art and Contemporary CultureThe general objectives are for the student to get to know a wide range of contextual, authorial, and material references,which constitute the corpus of Culture; be able to use a set of tools for and interpretation of the constitutivephenomenology of Culture; acquire and use a lexicon (articulated), rigorous, adequate/specific, for a self-referencedcritical discourse, about your own production and that of your peers; has the ability to investigate, question andquestion photographic, cinematographic, design and multimedia production, and cultural production phenomena.Specific objectives are that the student: Identify trends and trends in contemporary art and culture from 1970 to thepresent; get to know the authors and fundamental works; know the texts that theoretically support the various trendsand trends; identify cases of a radical break with modernist values as well as cases of permanence or transformationof these values.1º year | 2º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.

2º YEAR
Industrial Design Project IIAcquire analytical and critical skills on the different contents to be addressed. Construction and expansion of theaction map for the practice of industrial design. Develop a theoretical and practical discourse on the contribution ofIndustrial Design in the society of the present and the future.Acquire competence over the materiality of objects as well as their materialization. Are taught during the practice exercises and project with the following themes: Nature and artificiality – starting from different practical methodological approaches that presuppose collection andanalysis of the matter, the student should reflect on the materiality of nature, the objects that result from it, and theimpact of artificiality today. On this problem, they should develop projects that promise the symbiosis between thesetwo media.Everyday life and work-development of projects that aim to contribute to the facilitation of repeated tasks that aretypical of domestic or work life.Society and sharing – presupposes one of the methodological approaches used in the above exercises, presupposesthe observation and analysis of behaviors, relationships, and human or/and/and other beings connections in society. Alongside the above, technical content is taught that relates to ergonomics, scale, composition, and design,materialization, and manufacturing processes.2º year | 1º semester | 10 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
VisualizationThis subject explores a wide range of tools, materials, processes, and techniques that help students to improve theirdrawing, visualization, and visual communication skills.The topics covered include quick visualization design, idealization, the basic and advanced perspective of shapes,appropriate point of view, composition, tonal contrast, light and shadow, textures, and presentation details. Studentswill also learn to enhance sketching and rendering, with the support of digital graphic tables.Tasks will encourage the development of technical skills, and promote the abandonment of fear of failure, fosteringimagination and creative ability – inspiring innovative thinking. Students will create a final presentation of their owndrawings.The basic drawing skills acquired in the Drawing I and Drawing II units will help students to get the most out of this subject.2º year | 1º semester | 5 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Product DesignThe objectives of this course are that the student: consolidates the autonomy of the individual process, supported bythe mastery of design tools, already practiced and established in previous semesters; deepens his knowledge of materials, techniques, and technologies of industrial production; is able to equate a greater number of variables inproject proposals of medium complexity, including technical-productive, functional, ergonomic, anthropometric,aesthetic (already covered previously); Be able to equate the functional, formal, and symbolic dimensions in the design of objects; be able to communicate theproject through technical drawings, models, and an articulated discourse rigorous, specific, and referenced; be able toa speculative and critical project discourse within product design; consolidates the theoretical discursive dimension ofdesign and in particular of product design.2º year | 1º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Digital Workshop for Industrial Design IIIIn this subject students will develop their skills in 3D modeling with the use oftechniques different from those previously developed and exploring alternative applications inscope of industrial design project practice, such as the ability to plan and organizework autonomously, introduce the technological/digital concept in the creative process,explore three-dimensional modeling for the creation of organic geometries, becoming familiarwith the most varied techniques and 3D modeling processes according to NURBS logic andusing Rhinoceros software creative and rigorous way, in the processes of design andthe communication necessary for the design practice of industrial design.Specific Skills: C1 – Explore three-dimensional modeling for the creation of organic geometries.C2 – Familiarize yourself with the most varied techniques and 3D modeling processesC3 – Use digital tools in a creative and rigorous way, in the design and communication processes.2º year | 1º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design CritiqueThe subject aims to provide students with an interpretative framework of the criticism of the design. This way itis expected of the student to know the approaches and history of design criticism, as well as its methodologies,managing to apply this knowledge in a dynamic way as a designer, researcher, editor, and author.Create a timeframe discourse on the development of criticism in the consolidation of the design discipline, as ananalyzed term in project reality and thought process.Recognize the convergence of disciplinary knowledge of the transversal origin of the design, for reasoned criticalthinking.Establish a comparative analysis of the repercussions of history and its weight in critical composition, developingautonomous learning skills.2º year | 1º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.

2º SEMESTER
Industrial Design Project IIILearning outcomes of the curricular unit: Continuity in the acquisition of skills referred to in the Industrial Design IIIproject, and others that relate to: Acquire skills in the analysis of territorial matters. Development of a critical discourseon Portuguese material and immaterial culture. Construction and expansion of the action map for the practice ofindustrial design. Developed a theoretical and practical discourse on the contribution of Industrial Design in thesociety of the present and the future. Acquire own design methodologies.

To be able to take part in this subject, foreign students need to send proofs that they are able to address all the technical issues implied. In order to do so, each student should contact Prof. Marta Fernandes – martafernandes@esmad.ipp.pt.
2º year | 2º semester | 10 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Materials LaboratoryThis subject will aim to complement the training of students by deepening the knowledge that was previously taught in thefield of materials, as well as the fundamentals of different technologies and manufacturing processes. The learningprocess will combine both a theoretical-practical approach in a classroom context and laboratory practice in thecontext of the design workshop. In the end, it is intended that the students know how to compare and distinguish materials according to theirproperties, understand their importance and their proper handling in the production of objects, from an ecological,economic, aesthetic, and structural point of view. They should know how to handle tools and operate machines for thetransformation of materials, deepen their methodological and technological development as an instrument to favor apermanent advance in their design, making students aware of the importance and the need for continuous training fortheir professional development.2º year | 2º semester | 5 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Furniture DesignThe aim of this course is to transmit to students the fundamental concepts of furniture design, thus acquiring a globalview on the functioning of companies, the sector, and their consumers. As well as the role of design for its dynamics.In particular, we will be concerned with the framework of the company and its mission. It is also intended to offer thestudent, at first, a theoretical and broad view on the area of furniture design as well as affluent areas. In a second step,the main methods and techniques used in the development and production of products are discussed, using debate ofideas, the study of solutions, and presentation of alternatives, applied in the design process. Thirdly, planning,organizing, and developing products. In this way, the student adapts the instruments for greater critical awarenessabout the resolution of problems in the area of furniture design. It is also intended to encourage teamwork to betterintegrate into organizations.2º year | 2º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Digital Workshop for Industrial Design IVLearning outcomes of the curricular unit:In this UC students will develop skills in 3D modeling using techniques distinct from those previously developed andexploring alternative applications within the scope of practice design of the industrial design with the introduction ofthe technological/digital concept in the creative process using Rhinoceros modeling software as well as parametricrendering software Keyshot.Specific Skills: C1 – Ability to organize work autonomously.C2 – Introduce the technological/digital concept in the creative process.C3 – Use digital tools in a creative and rigorous way, in the design and communication processes.2º year | 2º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design SeminarsThis subject challenges students to understand and reflect on some of the main issues that designers and the designprofession face. Contact with a range of design and other professionals including non-faculty specialists. Students willdevelop a broader and deeper understanding of the historical and contemporary context of concern through research,discussion, and presentation. The issues transversal to the design disciplines are critically examined through theory,the problems of professional activity, and the practice of design. The specific themes covered each year will beselected by the teachers and will count on the collaboration of guest speakers and design professionals.2º year | 2º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.

3º YEAR
Real and Collaborative Project in Industrial DesignDevelop projects responding to the industrial design briefings; Apply theoretical knowledge in design critically in itsmethodology; Communicate ideas e concepts, oral and written way, to all players through all project stages; Developand justify research approach to design with the critical, analytical, systematic and historical, theoretical, ethical andprofessional context of Industrial design field arguments; Apply knowledge, skill, and methodologies – creative,conceptual, theoretical, analytical, technical and organizational – to propose, research, develop and complete self-employment that includes originality, critical analysis and evaluation, and academic rigor. Manage design projects as a team and individually. Analyze and identify project methodologies applied in industry and/or in the context of industrialdesigner professional activity.3º year | 1º semester | 10 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design and SustainabilityDevelop a critical and analytical discourse on past and present practices with an environmental impact. Acquisition of structural political, social, economic knowledge that promotes certain environmental practices and the relationship ofthese practices with Design. Development of a speculative speech with practical translation about the future of different contexts.3º year | 1º semester | 5 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Interaction Design for Industrial DesignAcquire skills in communication and language that objects establish with their user. Acquisition of reading skills andinterface design. Ability to develop projects that allow the construction of a more equal and inclusive society. Developautonomy in research, design, formalization, and evaluation of the approached process and methodology, as well asthe results.3º year | 1º semester | 4 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Laboratory of Models and PrototypesThe subject aims to provide students with knowledge about materials, finishes, and their compatibilities, as well as toknow and have the ability to use tools and techniques both manual and digital manufacturing in the production ofmodels and prototypes. In the end, the students must be able to identify and read a technical drawing or plan and have the notion of its scale tobe able to elaborate a model or prototype in a rigorous way. Understand the use of mock-ups and prototypes as an essential tool in the design process. Know and apply the techniques of rapid prototyping and 3D modeling to build models and prototypes, as well as knowthe tools, processes, and materials for their realization. Articulate a disciplined discourse and an appropriate technical language in the communication with the productiveareas. Identify the potential of materials in the production of models and prototypes for the development of the entire designproject. 3º year | 1º semester | 5 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Design ManagmentThis subject aims to bring students closer to the real world of the communication project, from the general organization ofthe work phases to the importance of specific communication for each phase and the realization that a project to beexecuted must be detailed, measured, and budgeted. Through a series of real examples and practical applications, themain objective of UC is to make students aware of the need for rigor in the organization of projects, from theembryonic phase, through development, to the finalization phase. Such examples will describe the methodologies tobe adopted from the first contact with the client, the relationship that the designer must build with him, as well as withthe different stakeholders of the multidisciplinary team that participates in the project. This UC is linked to the practicalwork developed by the discipline of Real and Collaborative Project.3º year | 1º semester | 3 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.
Research Methodologies in DesignThe subject will allow each student to: Distinguish between empirical knowledge and scientific knowledge. Know the fundamentals of research: for design, through design, and about design. Select synthesis and analysis techniques: databases, bibliography, primary and secondary sources, direct and indirectcitations, and reference standards. Use research methodologies, applied to design practice. Conduct a systematic search for scientific research information in design and cross-cutting areas. Structure, systematize and produce a text that supports and justifies the practical work developed in the Project UCs. 3º year | 1º semester | 5 ECTSNO

A personalized pedagogical strategy is defined for foreign students, which includes: compensation with attendance sessions, summaries in English at the end of classes, pedagogical documentation in English, etc. Classes will be taught in English only if the percentage of foreign students justifies it.

2º SEMESTER
Final Project/InternshipTo be able to take part in this subject, foreign students need to send proofs that they are able to address all the technical and narrative issues implied. In order to do so, each student should contact Prof. Marta Fernandes – martafernandes@esmad.ipp.pt3º year | 2º semester | 30 ECTSNO

The professor will occasionally do small remarks in english, in addition to an overview at the end of each class about the contents that were addressed